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An anti-lock brake sensor or ABS sensor is a type of tachometer that measures the rotational speed of a wheel and passes it to the car's Engine Control Module (ECM). The ABS sensor is also called the wheel speed sensor or ABS brake sensor. Since all the wheels do not turn at the same speed, the ABS sensors report the speeds of all the four wheels to the ECM, based on which the ECM determines if the wheels are locking up.

The camshaft position sensor gathers information about the vehicle's camshaft speed and sends it to the vehicle's engine control module (ECM). The ECM uses this data to determine the timing of the ignition, as well as the timing of the fuel injection that the engine requires. Without this information, the engine would not be able to function properly

 A Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP) is a magnetic type sensor that generates voltage using a sensor and a target wheel mounted on the crankshaft, that tells the Fuel Injection Computer or the Ignition Control Module the exact position of the cylinder pistons as they come up or go down in the engine cycle. 

The coolant temperature sensor, also known as the coolant temperature switch, is an engine management system sensor that is used to monitor the temperature of the engine's coolant. Most coolant temperature sensors operate using electrical resistance to measure the temperature of the coolant.

The electronic throttle body (ETB) is a main part of an electronic throttle control (ETC) system. The ETB controls the volume of air flowing into the engine. It features a butterfly valve which opens and closes according to a signal from the engine control unit.

An idle air control valve, also called an idle air sensor control motor, is an electrically operated valve that controls the amount of air that bypasses the throttle plate in cars with a fuel injection system [source: Autozone]. This causes the idling speed of the engine to change as needed.

The Intake Air Temperature sensor (IAT) monitors the temperature of the air entering the engine. The engine computer (PCM) needs this information to estimate air density so it can balance air air/fuel mixture. Colder air is more dense than hot air, so cold air requires more fuel to maintain the same air/fuel ratio.

The knock sensor is located on the engine block, cylinder head or intake manifold. This is because its function is to sense vibrations caused by engine knock or detonation. The PCM uses this signal to alter the ignition timing and prevent detonation.

A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine. The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine

A MAP sensor reads the amount of air pressure in relation to vacuum inside the intake manifold, either directly or using a vacuum hose. Then, it translates this pressure into a voltage signal that the sensor feeds to the power control module (PCM), your car's computer

The throttle position sensor measures and reports the amount of throttle opening to the engine control computer. The computer uses this information to make adjustments to the mixture of fuel and air used for combustion. As the throttle is opened, the engine requires more fuel in the mixture to provide needed power.

A wheel speed sensor or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of tachometer. It is a sender device used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and pickup.

 Oil control valve is a vital part of every engine that is fitted with Variable Valve Technology. Responsible for controlling oil flow in the camshaft, it also helps in sustaining the functioning of engine's internal moving parts. 

 The O2 sensor is mounted in the exhaust manifold to monitor how much unburned oxygen is in the exhaust as the exhaust exits the engine. Monitoring oxygen levels in the exhaust is a way of gauging the fuel mixture. It tells the computer if the fuel mixture is burning rich (less oxygen) or lean (more oxygen). 

­ Fuel injectors are nozzles that deliver a high-pressure spray of fuel that mixes with air on the intake stroke of your engine's pistons. 

When the injector is energized, an electromagnet moves a plunger that opens the valve, allowing the pressurized fuel to squirt out through a tiny nozzle. The nozzle is designed to atomize the fuel -- to make as fine a mist as possible so that it can burn easily.